conditions in which authoritarian states emerged

Although not really fascist, these governments were heavily influenced by military and industrial leaders because both sectors wanted Japan to take over territories in Asia. Do you see any of them flying around? It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. Authoritarian leaders revel in projecting an image of strength. Fear of revolution. By censuring Li instead of acting on his alerts, local authorities may have facilitated the coronaviruss unchecked spread; consequently, Lis death from the virus in early February sparked an outpouring of anger and grief on Chinese social media. These groups, he claimed, were biologically different from "western Mediterranean" and European people. (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. These problems range from refusals to recognize the severity of the problem to the suppression of valuable domestic voices or sources of information, disorganized policy responses, and unwillingness to maintain the lockdown measures that would safeguard their populations. Exploiting widespread fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency rule. The Nazi Party gained broad support, including many in the middle classintellectuals, civil servants, students, professionals, shopkeepers and clerks ruined by the Depression. TTY: 202.488.0406, To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that, Guidelines for Teaching About the Holocaust, Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 19181933, World War II and the Holocaust, 19391945, Holocaust Survivors and Victims Resource Center. Photo of the fascist military forces known as the Blackshirts marching down an Italian street in Parma. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. Mussolini's war against Ethiopia in 1935 brought race into focus as a Fascist concern. Before the onset of the Great Depression in Germany in 1929-1930, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (or Nazi Party for short) was a small party on the radical right of the German political spectrum. There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. Battle for Land: Success (decreased unemployment because people had to drain swamps and plough land) Alternatively, some regimes also must grapple with the demands of influential societal sectors, even at the expense of delaying the governments response to the pandemic. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. mussolini created a dictarship in italy when he was given the position as prime minister, Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. Yet this discouraging near-term political picture becomes less ominous, or at least less clear-cut, if one looks down the road. Additionally, the study shows how the continued use of practices from authoritarian times revealed the weakness of the democratic transition in Myanmar. His position and apparent support for Chinas efforts to play peacemaker in the Russian invasion of Ukraine contrasts with a more hawkish approach from the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen. What are two of the ways Fascism took shape in the Po Valley? They regulated marriage and sexual intercourse between the two groups, and stripped citizenship from both Jews and Roma. In a country plagued by joblessness, embittered by loss of territory, and demoralized by ineffective government, political demonstrations frequently turned violent. The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: The author argues that Italian Fascism never gained the level of totalitarian control the Nazis had in Germany. Infighting among elites also has emerged: when the mayor of Moscow took initiative in response to the virus and ordered people to stay home, users on Telegraman app that permits citizens to share information and anonymously criticize each otherlambasted him. The term "totalitarian" is even credited to, Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. The Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s had their differences. (May 2010), Assess the importance of economic distress and ideological appeal in the rise to power ofoneleft-wing andoneright-wing single-party ruler. . President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions. Read and make notes on: (red - conditions; weaknesses of others;black - methods, tactics used by Castro), 63-4 - 1940s Batista's Cuba + Autentico Presidencies. Crime was on the rise. Four key weaknesses are manifest. Since the end of the Cold War, the proportion of authoritarian states in the world has been on the decline. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. World history topic 10: Authoritarian states (20th century) This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. - MORE PEOPLE BIGGER ITALY It declared a state policy of overt discrimination against Africans, Arabs, and Jews. Authoritarian State (Castro) Emergence of Authoritarian States Conditions in which the authoritarian state emerged (Economic-Social Division-Impact of War-Weakness of Political System) Conditions Economic Factors: o In the 19th Century, Cuba's economy entirely depended on the exportation of slave produced goods and trade with the U.S o U.S companies owned many Cuban plantations How did Mussolini strengthen the power of the Fascist party? To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. They had to be conquered or excluded from the Italian nation. First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership. All nations have an official type of government as designated in the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. . New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. 95 - Outline why the Rectification Campaign of 1986 was launched, and what were the results'. When they seized power, Fascists had hoped to take over the Italian state completely. Adolf Hitler had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Partyknown as Nazissince 1921. In someincluding Algeria, Armenia, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and Sudanprotests have driven leaders out of power. Separately, Chinas envoy to the EU, Fu Cong, said in an interview published on Monday that Beijings cooperation with Europe and other nations was endless, just as its ties with Russia were unlimited. Advances in the technology of killing included the use of poison gas. Why do you think so many people in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union embraced fascist or authoritarian ideologies and actions, even those that were violent and repressive. States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. David Wong was a 20192020 James C. Gaither Junior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and is currently working on a digital start-up. Finally, issues with political legitimacy have also hurt some authoritarians pandemic policies. Analyse themethods used to eliminate opposition by two single-party rulers, each chosen from a different region. Antisemitism (discrimination against Jews) defined Nazism in Germany, but that was not exactly the case with Italian Fascism, at least before 1938. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. The fighting in northern Italy had shaped the Fascist movement in four ways: By 1922, with these experiences behind them, Mussolini and his followers liked their chances of taking over Italy. Everything seemed to be falling into place for a Fascist revolution. Nationalism, independence movements But deep-seated attitudes about racial hierarchy played out during the conflict. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program! Some burned it for fuel. Under the pressure of unending carnage, governments toppled and great empires dissolved. 83 - How did Castro deal with Lanz + Urrutria, and how did this reflect on him as leader? (May 2009. In Eritrea, President Isaias Afwerki did not speak to the country from mid-February through mid-April. We are not satisfied.. In Egypt and Russia, doctors who criticize or challenge the governments response to the pandemic risk detention or physical retaliation. Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government characterized by a strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. Under the emergency decree, they could be terrorized, beaten and held indefinitely. - Mussolini was arrested and executed by a group of Italian Partisans, Battle over Southern Problem: Fail (wanted to build villages in sicily) Resistance was muted (unnoticed) at first, but grew rapidly as Japanese forces attacked the Chinese capital of Nanjing. Authoritarian states present a broad and serious challenge to liberal democracies and to the liberal world order. (May 2008, TZ2), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state. Political Instability. Colonial aggression also contributed to the rise of Italian racism. But the Nazis never received more than 38% of the vote in a free national election. After initial success in containing the virus, Singapore was struck by subsequent outbreaks among its population of migrant workers. In late December 2019, for instance, Chinese authorities silenced and reprimanded Li Wenliang, a Wuhan Central Hospital doctor who warned of the initial outbreak. Conditions in China before 1911 Until the 19th century, China was a very conservative nation. Direct link to Faviel Rapalo's post this was cool. 4.5/5. They work together. A major issue with the parliamentary system of Weimar Germany was the constant change of who exactly was in charge. David Wong was a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow with the Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program. Mistake #2: Using The Terms Interchangeably. Building Civil Society In Authoritarian China Importance Of . (May 05), Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin. This report sets out six types of authoritarian challenges: military threats, such as annexation of territory, hybrid warfare and assertive behaviour; coercion, through political and economic efforts to intimidate and cajole; The leaders of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan both responded to the arrival of the virus by outright denying its presence in their countries. Will the Invasion of Ukraine Change Russia-Africa Relations? First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. Aims and results of policies: social, economic, political, cultural. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Expositiona worlds fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations, and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress. How power was consolidated and maintained; legal methods versus use of force, treatment of opposition, impact of foreign policy. The NSDAP, after becoming reallowed as a political party in 1925, changed their focus and used the democratic system of the Weimar Republic to gain power. In recent months, countries such as Algeria, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Russia, Thailand, and Uzbekistan have passed so-called fake news laws related to the pandemic that criminalize criticisms of their governments responses to the public health emergency or even reporting of pandemic conditions that does not match the governments preferred narratives. Sources in the CBI told The Sunday Guardian that the Bureau is likely to widen the scope . Paper Two essays will expect students to analyse one or two authoritarian states on a topic inked to one of the themes on the prescribed content. -took over various unprofitable industries on behalf of the state, -youth groups feuded His trial brought him fame and followers. This resulted in the Great Purge of 1936-38. During this time, about one-third of the Communist Party's three million members were killed. How successful were they? A third debility of the pandemic responses of many authoritarian regimes has been the lack of coherence and flexibility in the hierarchy of governance. Taking advantage of new modes and media that emerged in the early twentieth century, these . We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. Despite Nazi terror and brutal suppression of their opponents, many German citizens willingly accepted or actively supported these extreme measures in favor of order and security. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. The EU is an important trading partner for China as it reboots its economy after three years of zero-Covid. In other words, the lack of a reasonably level playing field notwithstanding, elections are still competitivealbeit unfair. Millions of veterans were crippled in body and in spirit. It was a cataclysm that darkened the worlds view of humanity and its future. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian leaders. While downplaying more extreme Nazi goals, they offered simple solutions to Germanys problems, exploiting peoples fears, frustrations, and hopes. Although many Japanese civilians were not supportive of these military efforts, it became dangerous to question the government or the military. NARRATOR: How consistent was this vision to Cuba in reality? Adolf Hitler was not elected to office and he did not have to seize power. At home, meanwhile, the Japanese government increasingly pushed down any opposition to their war effort. But they are a minority in the authoritarian camp, and regimes with relatively successful pandemic responses are not guaranteed to reap political benefits from their actions. A devastating biological virus has translated into a damaging political virus that has markedly eroded the overall state of freedom in the world in just six months. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. Middle class savings were wiped out as severe inflation left the currency worthless. The idea was that non- Italians could become Italian if they assimilated to Italian culture and pledged loyalty to the nation. How successful was Castro's domestic policy in meeting his aims for Cuba? Crime was on the rise. Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918-1933, NARRATOR: Analyze the conditions that enabled one left-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. 94 - How Communist was Castro? They did not use race. Thomas Carothers, co-director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peaces Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program, is a leading expert on comparative democratization and international support for democracy. Paris, 1900. This is a list of key notes that you can use in paper 2 as the most important factors that need to be studied as recommended by the History guide. It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain, Adolf Hitler later wrote. It's obvious to usnowthat the rise of authoritarianism, including fascism, was paving the way for leaders in many countries to command the obedience of whole populations, even when these leaders began to order the killing of civilians. -Massive public spending reduced unemployment. - What solutions were implemented? Behind the popular but simplistic notion that authoritarianism is rising globally lies the fact that the global wave of antigovernment protests over the past ten yearsan historic high in protests around the worldhas hit many nondemocratic regimes hard. Sexual norms were in flux. Check the notes preview and download a free sample. 94-5. The Italian foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, said he also disagreed with Lus comments. In Iran, in late February as the coronavirus began spreading through the country, Shia clerics vociferously resisted government demands that major shrines be closedan encapsulation of the power of the countrys religious establishment. 81-82 - What events and influences caused him to adopt an increasingly Communist position? Causes and effects of war: Chinese Civil War, H/L The People's Republic of China 1949-2005, http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-03-09/guest-post-message-voting-cattle?page=1, http://paxonbothhouses.blogspot.jp/2014/10/hitler-i-am-acting-as-agent-of-our.html, Cambridge paper - re.opposition to Nazism, http://www.casahistoria.net/ibrevision.htm, In 1943, hundreds of German women saved their Jewish husbands from deathcamps, Propaganda in Authoritarian States - Trump's laughter and clapping instigators, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpHRvuVvrDU, https://medium.com/@laurennreiff/how-do-you-think-nazism-happened-4662332b6c4b, www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1Zxy3Z2i34&has_verified=1, https://www.ted.com/talks/sviatlana_tsikhanouskaya_how_to_be_fearless_in_the_face_of_authoritarianism?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=email&utm_content=button__2020-11-12#t-24, "Final Account" taken from The Guardian 12/03/2021. (May 2005), To what extent were the social and economic policies of one of the following successful: Mao, Nasser, Stalin? Lu Shaye, Chinas ambassador to France, said independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union lacked actual status in international law. The German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned this year that there is a "worldwide fascination with authoritarianism".. These laws defined who had "German" blood and who did not. Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. If two examples are required these will need to be from different regions. In Turkey, last months lifting of many restrictions saw a spike in cases, but Erdoan refrained from reimposing another lockdown, fearful of the economic damage it would cause. -continued to have a relationship Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1.) The emperor He also supported the brutal suppression of anti-colonial resistance in Libya. EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. Advanced, deadly weapons, including the use of gas by the Italian Army, made the fight pretty one-sided. Some in this boat have reacted by prematurely lifting initially tough lockdown measures. A second weakness of many authoritarian regimes in confronting the coronavirus is their suspicion or outright hostility toward independent voices and civil society. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the What did this demonstrate about. 99-100 - What was the 'Special Period' and why did it result from this? Moreover, most authoritarianswhatever the quality of their pandemic policiesface enormous new economic pressures as a result of the virus. As the coronavirus has spread, many political observers have warned that it is bolstering authoritarianism globally. It became known as the war to end all wars. It cast an immense shadow on tens of millions of people. INTRODUCTION. Yet many authoritarians instead misuse subnational governance as a flak jacketa shield for deflecting responsibility and criticism more than for solving governance challenges. One-party rule seemed beyond their grasp. Discuss with reference to one authoritarian state. He is currently working on a dissertation about missionaries, theology, and empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. Could a Long-Ruling Party Fall in Paraguay? economic factors'. The maintenance of power was dependent on the successful control of opposition.. In the 1920s, Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: Looking back on history, we can often see patterns emerging just before dangerous or terrible events occurred. Authoritarian states (20th century) Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the It did this by creating states with limited capacity to provide services and police their own territories. Economic Crisis. Using the terms fascism and Nazism interchangeably is incorrect because they are not synonyms. Estonias foreign minister, Margus Tsahkna, said he was seeking to find out why China has such a position or comments about the Baltic states. Charismatic appeal rather than successful domestic policies enabled single-party leaders to maintain power. With reference to Mao, to what extent do you agree with this statement? What shocked so many in Germany about the treaty signed near Paris, at the Palace of Versailles, was that the victors dictated a future in which Germany was deprived of any significant military power. The Fascists, led by Mussolini, formed a street-fighting group called the Blackshirts to support the landowners. His military leaders used chemical weapons, forced starvation, concentration camps, and mass resettlement of African Libyans to make space for Italian settlers. Evaluate the treatment of religious groups and minorities in two authoritarian states, each chosen from a different region. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Germany has awakened! Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. David Eacker is a Ph.D. student in History at Indiana UniversityBloomington. The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union "don't have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement . Battle for Lira: Fail (tried to revalue Lira but artificially raised value which resulted in declining exports), -Breeders "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. One must govern well, and for good government one must also practice good propaganda. [2017] Washington, DC 20024-2126 China downgraded diplomatic ties with Lithuania and pressured multinationals to sever links with it in December 2021 after the Baltic nation, which has long favoured a hard EU line on Beijing, allowed Taiwan to open a de facto embassy in Vilnius. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one authoritarian/single-party. Many Germans felt a new hope and confidence in the future of their country with the prospect of a bold, young charismatic leader. -Anti-semitism appeared a bit potentially to impress and imitate ally Hitler-- POPE DID NOT LIKE, Institute of Industrial Reconstruction (IRI): Sexual norms were in flux. The early deterioration of the post-colonial African state into personalized and authoritarian rule in this manner mirrored the concerns that anchor refugee law in the first place as a special regime for persons who have well-grounded fear of persecution by reason of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or . However, as we have seen, Mussolini's compromises with conservatives and liberal elites put up too many obstacles for this plan to succeed. A good government without propaganda is not more possible than good propaganda without a good government. Russia/USSR - Lenin ItalyMussolini GermanyHitler USSRStalin ChinaMao Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Graded student examples with one case study. 97. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Now we must win the German people. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 For instance, the Versailles treaty of Germany after the first world war led to resistance as some political powers felt humiliated by the agreements that were to be signed by the parties. Landsbergis tweeted: If anyone is still wondering why the Baltic states dont trust China to broker peace in Ukraine, heres a Chinese ambassador arguing that Crimea is Russian and our countries borders have no legal basis.. In 1949-58, 75% of all imports came from the USA; 65% of all exports went to the USA. With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. Four key weaknesses are manifest. - Had to go to war way quicker than was prepared to due to Hitler's orders--> many peasants were conscripted to army UNHAPPY ITALIANS In this way, militarism and imperialism broadened Fascism's appeal. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Manchuria, in China. Organized into collective action by the state, young people supplied political energy to Fascism in Italy and elsewhere. That meant they could hinder the Fascist agenda, if they wanted. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. To what extent was authoritarian control achieved in two 20th-century states? (3) How did Castro's domestic policies affect Cuba? In 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws. The Fascists craved revolution and total power, but instead found they had to cooperate with different, mostly conservative political parties. When the government chose not to intervene in this conflict, the Fascists used the fighting to gain power in the region. Angry at the growing resistance, Japanese troops killed as many as 300,000 civilians. Compare and contrastthe importance ofthe use of force on the emergence of twoauthstates,each from a different region, Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two AS, each from a different region. In the Reichstag (parliament) elections of May 2, 1928, the Nazis received only 2.6 percent of the national vote, a proportionate decline from 1924, when the Nazis received 3 percent . Many other Japanese citizens, however, embraced the cause of nationalism and military expansion. Germanys fledgling democracy was profoundly tested by the crumbling of old values and fears of what might come next. The kulaks are just one example. One month later, when arson gutted the German parliament building, Hitler and his nationalist coalition partners seized their chance. Neysun Mahboubi, a research scholar at the Center for the Study of Contemporary China at the University of Pennsylvania, said on Twitter that Lus comments were totally stupid and that the level of incompetence is just staggering. The fighting nourished the Fascists belief in violence as the true path to manhood. [2010] 17. All rights reserved. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. However, in Indonesia the democratic process was suspended altogether and after about a decade of independence . (May 2006), Analyse thenature and extent of internal opposition and the methods used to deal with this opposition by Stalin, Evaluate the contribution to the rise to power of Hitler of each of the following: National Socialist ideology; the use of force; economic crises. Examine the role of education and propaganda in the maintenance of power in Maos China. These tactics worked at a time when communists felt threatened by both fascists and capitalist democracies in Europe. - Discuss this view, with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied from different regions.

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