sami people physical characteristics

ILO Convention No. There is no single, unified Smi parliament that spans across the Nordic countries. In 1913, the Norwegian parliament passed a bill on "native act land" to allocate the best and most useful lands to Norwegian settlers. [15] Variants of Finn or Fenni were in wide use in ancient times, judging from the names Fenni and (Phinnoi) in classical Roman and Greek works. There is no single Smi language, but a group of ten distinct Smi languages. All Smi languages are at some degree of endangerment, ranging from what UNESCO defines as "definitely endangered" to "extinct". Presently, about 2,800 people are engaged in reindeer herding in Norway. Laestadius spoke many languages, and he became fluent and preached in Finnish and Northern Smi in addition to his native Southern Smi and Swedish,[171] the language he used for scholarly publications. Especially earlier, these distinct languages were referred to as "dialects", but today, this is considered misleading due to the deep differences between the varieties. The law does not recognize development rights, some proprietary rights including compensation for damage to the property, and limited exclusionary rights. To make up for past suppression, the authorities of Norway, Sweden and Finland now make an effort to build up Smi cultural institutions and promote Smi culture and language. Y-chromosome N-Z1936 makes up similarly about 20%, and likely came from Siberia with the Smi language, but slightly later than N-VL29. Gkti are the traditional clothing worn by the Smi people. Despite the terms use in tourism, Lapland can be either misleading or offensive, or both, to Smi, depending on the context and where this word is used. [51] With such massive population drops caused by the Black Death, the tax revenues from this industry greatly diminished. In addition, there are several Smi languages and additional dialects, and there are several areas in Sapmi where few of the Smi speak their native language due to the forced cultural assimilation, but still consider themselves Smi. They often are based on syllablic improvisation. It is also the dwelling of the gods. [150] Most have settled in areas that are known to have Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish immigrants. The total population in these four countries is estimated at approx. The Smi are also skilled fishers and sheep herders. The term Smi religion usually refers to the traditional religion, practiced by most Smi until approximately the 18th century. [21][20][22] It is unknown how the word Lapp came into the Norse language, but one of the first written mentions of the term is in the Gesta Danorum by the twelfth-century Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus, who referred to 'the two Lappias', although he still referred to the Smi as (Skrid-)Finns. Members of the siida helped each other with the management and husbandry of the herds. Today's "borders" originate from the 14th to 16th centuries when land-owning conflicts occurred. According to the 2010 All-Russia Census, the Smi population of Russia was 1,771. Sami entertainment is provided both by expressive activities, including storytelling and yoik singing, and physical contests such as sled racing and lasso throwing. The flag has the Smi colours, red, green, yellow and blue, and the circle represents the sun (red) and the moon (blue). [170] Many contemporary practitioners are compared to practitioners of neo-paganism, as a number of neopagan religions likewise combine elements of ancient pagan religions with more recent revisions or innovations, but others feel they are attempting to revive or reconstruct indigenous Smi religions as found in historic, folkloric sources and oral traditions. They cover northern and central Sweden. The Saami were once nomadic herdsmen, occasionally hunters, whose survival was very dependent on their reindeer herds. Unlike many other Indigenous peoples, traditional dance is generally not a visible manifestation of Smi identity. [74], The tourism industry in Finland has been criticized for turning Smi culture into a marketing tool by promoting opportunities to experience "authentic" Smi ceremonies and lifestyle. 2) No-one is exactly sure how many Smi people there are, but estimates range from between 50,000 - 200,000! The Sami community are indigenous Finno-Ugric people who inhabit large parts of northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and some parts of Russia. Rather, each of the aforementioned three countries has set up its own separate legislatures for Smi people, even though the three Smi Parliaments often work together on cross-border issues. The Smi people shall decide the area of activity of the Norwegian Smi Parliament. In 2023 Smi author Ann-Heln Laestadius wrote "Stolen" a novel of the Smi in Sweden. In Norway, a major effort to convert the Smi was made around 1720, when Thomas von Westen, the "Apostle of the Smi", burned drums, burned sacred objects, and converted people. There has been a discovery of a "Smi motif," which is a group of three specific mutations found in 1/3 of the Smi people. While Norwegians moved north to gradually colonise the coast of modern-day Troms og Finnmark to engage in an export-driven fisheries industry prior to the 19th century, they showed little interest in the harsh and non-arable inland populated by reindeer-herding Smi. In 2005, the Finnmark Act was passed in the Norwegian parliament giving the Smi parliament and the Finnmark Provincial council a joint responsibility of administering the land areas previously considered state property. The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster caused nuclear fallout in the sensitive Arctic ecosystems and poisoned fish, meat[73] and berries. The majority of the Smi now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e., Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. These cookies help us record anonymous data about how people are using our website. Russia has not recognized the Smi as a minority and, as a result, recognizes no Smi parliament, even if the Smi people there have formed an unrecognised Smi Parliament of Russia. Recent genetic studies have indicated that the two most frequent maternal lineages of the Smi people are the haplogroups V (Neolithic in Europe and not found in Finland 1500 years ago[174]) and U5b (ancient in Europe). [citation needed]. However, being taken from home and prohibited from speaking Smi has resulted in cultural alienation, loss of language, and lowered self-esteem. The Norwegians, who were concentrated on the outer islands and near the mouths of the fjords, had access to the major European trade routes so that, in addition to marginal farming in the Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark counties, they were able to establish commerce, trading fish for products from the south. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Much of Spmi falls outside of those provinces. [175] Y-chromosome haplogroup N-VL29 makes up 20%, came from Siberia 3500 years ago. [79] A new present status report was to have been ready by the end of 2012. Throughout history, Swedish settlers were encouraged to move to the northern regions through incentives such as land and water rights, tax allowances, and military exemptions. Siida, Cultural and Nature Centre of the Smi, and Sajos, the Centre of Smi Culture and Administration, are both located in the heart Inari and are just a 10-minute walk apart.. At Siida, you can get to know Smi culture and explore the wonders of Arctic nature. [36][37], How far south the Smi extended in the past has been debated among historians and archeologists for many years. Many groups in the Russian Arctic are semi-nomadic, moving seasonally to different hunting and fishing camps. For long periods of time, the Smi lifestyle thrived because of its adaptation to the Arctic environment. They lived in communities detached from the Norwegians; being only loosely connected to the European trade routes, they fared far better than the Norwegians.[49]. In the north (Lapland), it plays a major role in the local economy, while its economic impact is lesser in the southern parts of the area (Province of Oulu). But the Sami heritage is also visible and alive in everything from rap music and modern architecture to contemporary art and cutting edge design. Then come meet the famous reindeer-herdersof theArctic in our fascinating facts about the Smi people. Women used leather and roots to make items such as gkti (clothing), and birch- and spruce-root woven baskets. Due to a major defeat in 1996, one siida has introduced a sponsorship "Reindeer Godfather" concept to raise funds for further battles in courts. Their religion was shamanistic: they imagined supernatural powers in the rocks and mountains. In the far east of the Smi area, the Russian monk Trifon converted the Smi in the 16th century. As of 2007[update] about 10% of the Smi were connected to reindeer herding, which provides them with meat, fur, and transportation; around 2,800 Smi people were actively involved in reindeer herding on a full-time basis in Norway. All the Nordic Smi Parliaments have included as the "core" criterion for registering as a Smi the identity in itselfone must declare that one truly considers oneself a Smi. Get messy, explore and appreciate nature, all from the safety of home! I never knew that until now Thank You So Very Much! According to the Swedish Smi parliament. In Senri Ethnological Studies (SES) No.66 Circumpolar Ethnicity and Identity", "Fant hemmelighetene i lulesamenes sprk", "Norway's "Smi Language Act": Emancipatory Implications for the World's Aboriginal Peoples", "Gkti and Instagram: How Oslo's Young Smis Face Tradition and Urban Life", "Saamelaisten lukumr vuoden 2019 Saamelaiskrjien vaaleissa", "Population and Society: Population by language on 31 December", "FINLEX Ajantasainen lainsdnt: 14.9.1990/848", "Frontpage Senter for Nordlige Folk AS", Draft report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, "Sweden's Sami struggle over land rights", "The Rise of Indigenous (Pluri-)Nationalism: The Case of the Smi People", "Hyv saamen lipun piv! [citation needed], On the Swedish and Finnish sides, the authorities were less militant, although the Smi language was forbidden in schools and strong economic development in the north led to weakened cultural and economic status for the Smi. Lappalainen is also a common family name in Finland. By entering your email address you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and will receive emails from us about news, offers, activities and partner offers. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965). 4) The Smi are best known for reindeer herding. During the 19th century, the pressure of Christianization of the Smi increased, with some Smi adopting Laestadianism. I saw a movie called Klaus and it had the Sami people. The Scotland's DNA project, led by Edinburgh University's Dr Jim Wilson, has tested . WOWSERSSS thanks for the info I'm getting graded on the Sami people, [] Fascinating facts about the Smi people [], I liked that however I need to watch frozen 2 WOW, I am so so happy to see this beautiful quiz. Shkku is a running-fight board game where each player controls a set of soldiers (referred to as "women" and "men") that race across a board in a loop, attempting to eliminate the other player's soldiers. It's so cool. [118] During the years of forced assimilation, the areas in which reindeer herding was an important livelihood were among the few where the Smi culture and language survived. On the 6 February every year, they celebrate Smi Peoples Day. [8][9] Their traditional languages are the Smi languages, which are classified as a branch of the Uralic language family. The Scandinavians discriminated against them and called them "Lapps," a term of contempt. Still, due to the cultural assimilation of the Smi people that had occurred in the four countries over the centuries, population estimates are difficult to measure precisely. Tanner also tried with his photographs to chart Sami physical traits. Today in Norway and Sweden, reindeer husbandry is legally protected as an exclusive Smi livelihood, such that only persons of Smi descent with a linkage to a reindeer herding family can own, and hence make a living off, reindeer. The gkti can be worn with a belt; these are sometimes band-woven belts, woven, or beaded. They wear traditional clothes, eat traditional food and fly the Smi flag! 'Song of the Smi Family') was originally a poem written by Isak Saba that was published in the newspaper Saai Muittalgje for the first time on 1 April 1906. Through a mainly French initiative from Joseph Paul Gaimard as part of his La Recherche Expedition, Lars Levi Lstadius began research on Smi mythology. ", "Our data support that the Neolithic PWC foragers are largely genetically continuous to SHG.". Among the Smi's polytheistic religious beliefs, four of the most important beings are the Father, the Mother, the Son, and the Daughter, called Radienacca, Radienacce, Radienkiedde, and Radienneida. The logging has been under the control of the state-run forest system. In contemporary times, there are also ongoing consultations between the Government of Norway and the Smi Parliament regarding the right of the coastal Smi to fish in the seas on the basis of historical use and international law. [144] The bulk of the Smi live in Finnmark and Northern Troms, but there are also Smi populations in Southern Troms, Nordland and Trndelag. Radioactive wastes and spent nuclear fuel have been stored in the waters off the Kola Peninsula, including locations that are only "two kilometers" from places where Smi live. [112], The Smi modern dance company Kompani Nomad looked to old descriptions of shamanistic rituals and behaviors to identify "lost" Smi dances and reimagine them through contemporary dance. [61] The Smi Parliament has opposed and rejected mining projects in the Finnmark area, and demanded that resources and mineral exploration benefit local Smi communities and populations, as the proposed mines are in Smi lands and will affect their ability to maintain their traditional livelihood. Smi herders migrate with their reindeer during the seasons, heading to the mountains for winter and coming back together with the community in the summer. They mixed with Germanic tribes years ago, and produced the Vikings, who . In all three countries, they act as an institution of cultural autonomy for the indigenous Smi people. Some of these concentrated areas are Minnesota, North Dakota, Iowa, Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Illinois, California, Washington, Utah and Alaska; and throughout Canada, including Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Northern Ontario, and the Canadian territories of the Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut. They are formally public authorities, ruled by the Scandinavian governments, but have democratically elected parliamentarians, whose mission is to work for the Smi people and culture. The Smi in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called Lovozero/Lujvri, in the central part of the Kola Peninsula. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [53][54] After many years of continuous migration, these Sea Smi became far more numerous than the reindeer-herding mountain Smi, who today only make up 10% of all Smi. 8) The Smi are semi-nomadic, meaning they dont stay in the same place all year. Fishing has always been the main livelihood for the many Smi living permanently in coastal areas. [151] There is a long history of Smi in Alaska. [10] For traditional, environmental, cultural, and political reasons, reindeer herding is legally reserved for only Smi in some regions of the Nordic countries. This tallies with archeological evidence suggesting that several different cultural groups made their way to the core area of Smi from 8000 to 6000BC,[176] presumably including some of the ancestors of present-day Smi. The term "Lapp" was popularized and became the standard terminology by the work of Johannes Schefferus, Acta Lapponica (1673). [64], In Russia's Kola Peninsula, vast areas have already been destroyed by mining and smelting activities, and further development is imminent. Eastern Smi boots have a rounded toe on reindeer-fur boots, lined with felt and with beaded details. Tiedtk mit vriks lippu kuvastaa? The word Lapp can be traced to Old Swedish lapper, Icelandic lappir (plural) perhaps of Finnish origin;[20] compare Finnish lappalainen "Lapp", Lappi "Lapland" (possibly meaning "wilderness in the north"), the original meaning being unknown. In 2010, Sweden was criticized for its relations with the Smi in the Universal Periodic Review conducted by the Working Group of the Human Rights Council. I confirm that I am 18 years old or abovePlease confirm that you are an adult. Reindeer have major cultural and economic significance for indigenous peoples of the North. I confirm that I am 18 years old or above. [127] 75% of Smi under the age of 10 live outside the Spmi region.[128]. We take a look at those famous Sami people in the Nordic region and beyond. [82] In 2021, the Church of Sweden made a formal apology to Sweden's Smi population for its role in forced conversions and Swedification efforts, outlining a multiyear reconciliation plan. Spmi is located in Northern Europe, includes the northern parts of Fennoscandia and spans four countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. The history of the Sami people traced back to 10,000 BC The middle world is like the Norse Midgard, it is the dwelling of humans and it is associated with the color red. In 2010, the Smi Council supported the establishment of a cultural center in Russia for Arctic peoples. The human-ecological systems in the North, like reindeer pastoralism, are sensitive to change, perhaps more than in virtually any other region of the globe, due in part to the variability of the Arctic climate and ecosystem and the characteristic ways of life of indigenous Arctic peoples.[72]. The Sami culture is the oldest culture in large areas of Northern Norway and is currently experiencing a strong renaissance. Other identity markers are kinship (which can be said to, at some level or other, be of high importance for all Smi), the geographical region of Spmi where their family came from, and/or protecting or preserving certain aspects of Smi culture.[131]. WOW! In Sweden, taxes on minerals are intentionally low in an effort to increase mineral exploration for economic benefit, though this policy is at the expense of Smi populations. By entering your email address you agree to our. Some of these Smi immigrants and descendants of immigrants are members of the Sami Siida of North America. However, the following counties and provinces are usually included: The municipalities of Gllivare, Jokkmokk and Arjeplog in Swedish Lappland were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 as a "Laponian Area". Before the era of forced Scandinavization policies, the Norwegian and Swedish authorities had largely ignored the Smi and did not interfere much in their way of life. Of all the states in the region, Norway suffered the most from this plague. [105] The convention has not yet been ratified in the Nordic countries.[106]. The Smi Parliaments (Smediggi in Northern Smi, Smitigge in Inari Smi, S'mte' in Skolt Smi) founded in Finland (1973), Norway (1989) and Sweden (1993) are the representative bodies for peoples of Smi heritage. [42] The Smi hunted reindeer and fished for their livelihood. The players maneuver their pieces around a . [28] Variants of the name Lapp were originally used in Sweden and Finland and, through Swedish, adopted by many major European languages: English: Lapps; German, Dutch: Lappen; French: Lapons; Greek: (Lpnes); Hungarian: lappok; Italian: Lapponi; Polish: Lapoczycy; Portuguese: Lapes; Spanish: Lapones; Romanian: laponi; Turkish: Lapon. [c] The Pitted Ware culture are in turn genetically continuous with the original Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers. The lichens accumulated airborne radiation, and 73,000 reindeer had to be killed as "unfit" for human consumption in Sweden alone. The Smi have been found to be genetically unrelated to people of the Pitted Ware culture. Though they are an Arctic culture, Sami are fair-haired and light-skinned. The Council of Europe's Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (1995). These "internal conflicts" are usually conflicts between non-Smi land owners and reindeer owners. [50][56], As the Sea Smi settled along Norway's fjords and inland waterways, pursuing a combination of farming, cattle raising, trapping and fishing, the minority Mountain Smi continued to hunt wild reindeer. [d], The genetic makeup of Smi people has been extensively studied for as long as such research has been in existence. For example, in Russia, Smi children were taken away when aged 12 and returned when aged 1517 with no knowledge of their language and traditional communities. The Finnish word for Finland, Suomi, is also thought probably to derive ultimately from Proto-Baltic *m, though the precise route is debated and proposals usually involve complex processes of borrowing and reborrowing. Many think that Sami traditions only consists of colourful costumes, traditional handicraft products, and catching reindeer with lassos. Elle Mij Tailfeathers. [66] Greenpeace, reindeer herders, and Smi organisations carried out a historic joint campaign, and in 2010, Smi reindeer herders won some time as a result of these court cases. When the Finns entered Finland, beginning about ad 100, Sami settlements were probably dispersed over the whole of that country; today they are confined to its northern extremity. Cases question the Smi ancient rights to reindeer pastures. [83], In Finland, where Smi children, like all Finnish children, are entitled to day care and language instruction in their own language, the Finnish government has denied funding for these rights in most of the country, including in Rovaniemi, the largest municipality in Finnish Lapland. There are indeed some ethnic Finns who practice reindeer herding, and in principle, all residents of the reindeer herding area (most of Finnish Lapland and parts of Oulu province) who are citizens of EEA countries,[153] i.e., the European Union and Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein, are allowed to join a paliskunta. Physically she belongs to what one observer has called "the fair-skinned, fair-haired, gray-to-blue-eyed, long-limbed, relatively narrow-faced individuals that constitute a substantial portion of the population of Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, western Finland." That is, the Nordic type. [147], According to the Finnish Population Registry Center and the Finnish Smi Parliament, the Smi population living in Finland was 10,753 in 2019. Smi animism is manifested in the Smi's belief that all significant natural objects (such as animals, plants, rocks, etc.) They later herded reindeer. While the Smi have lived in Fennoscandia for around 3,500 years, Smi settlement of Scandinavia does not predate Norse/Scandinavian settlement of Scandinavia, as sometimes popularly assumed. They can be wool, leather, or fur. In the Netflix movie, Klaus, they mention this! During the film, Elsa and Anna learn that their mother was one of the Northuldra people, which makes the sisters half Northuldran. Traditionally the Smi lived and worked in reindeer herding groups called siidat, which consist of several families and their herds. The body type is stocky and endomorph, with short legs, but with extraordinarily long arms. [146] As of 2021, 9,226 people were registered to vote in elections to the Swedish Smi Parliament. Ethnic Finns (suomalaiset) are a distinct group from Smi.[19]. [29] The speakers of Finnic and Smi languages have their roots in the middle and upper Volga region in the Corded Ware culture. The work of the herders is known as "boazovazzi," which means "reindeer walker" although they now work on. Among the reindeer herders in Smi villages, the women usually have a higher level of formal education in the area. Smi are not only forbidden to fish in the eighty-kilometer stretch leased to the Ponoi River Company but are also required by regional laws to pay for licenses to catch a limited number of fish outside the lease area. At many tourist locales, non-Smi dress in inaccurate replicas of Smi traditional clothing, and gift shops sell crude reproductions of Smi handicraft. (See Smi deities.) A characteristic feature of Smi musical tradition is the singing of joik. Saami women's issues fall into certain categories that are of particular importance, and I have grouped them accordingly as: women's roles in society; Christianity and modernization; internalized racism; Saami men's views of women; men and women's topics in writing; the Saami feminist movement, including current and future issues; women in These cookies are required to make our website work! His work resulted in Fragments of Lappish Mythology, since by his own admission, they contained only a small percentage of what had existed. The upper world is related to the South, warmth, life, and the color white. In Norway, government plans for the construction of a hydroelectric power plant in the Alta river in Finnmark in northern Norway led to a political controversy and the rallying of the Smi popular movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s. [95][100] These rights are linked to the category known since Soviet times as the malochislennye narody ("small-numbered peoples"), a term that is often translated as "indigenous minorities", which include Arctic peoples such as the Smi, Nenets, Evenki, and Chukchi. Tailfeathers, Elle Mij. In August 1986, the national anthem ("Smi soga lvlla") and flag (Smi flag) of the Smi people were created. 9) Traditionally, the Smi people lived in a group of families called a siida. These were originally run by missionaries, but later, controlled by the government. According to the Norwegian Smi Parliament, the Smi population of Norway is 40,000. Citation: Maki-Torkko, Elina, Aikio, Pekka, Sorri, Martti, Huentelman, Matthew J, & Camp, Guy Van (2010). The resolution for celebrating on 6 February was passed in 1992 at the 15th Smi congress in Helsinki. [95], Regional law, Code of the Murmansk Oblast, calls on the organs of state power of the oblast to facilitate the native peoples of the Kola North, specifically naming the Smi, "in realization of their rights for preservation and development of their native language, national culture, traditions and customs." Also, contrary to popular belief, the Sami are not an Asiatic people. Joiks can be dedicated to animals and birds in nature, special people or special occasions, and they can be joyous, sad or melancholic. [38] This hypothesis is still accepted among many historians, but has been the subject of scholarly debate in the 21st century. [75], The Smi have for centuries, even today, been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in the nations they have historically inhabited. Strong economic development of the north also ensued, giving Norwegian culture and language higher status. These regions have served as reindeer calving and summer grounds for thousands of years, and contain many ancient Smi sacred sites.[69][70]. As of 2021, 20,545 people were registered to vote in the election for the Smi Parliament in Norway. [b] One problem when attempting to count the population of the Smi is that there are few common criteria of what "being a Smi" constitutes. In fact, in 2007, Janne Seurujrvi, a Finnish Centre Party representative, became the first Smi ever to be elected to the Finnish Parliament.[93]. Finnish immigrants to Northern Norway in the 18th and 19th centuries were referred to as Kvens to distinguish them from the Smi "Finns". [135] This is due in part to historic laws prohibiting the use of Smi languages in schools and at home in Sweden and Norway. The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user. Court proceedings have been common throughout history, and the aim from the Smi viewpoint is to reclaim territories used earlier in history. Suomi and its adjectival form suomalainen must come from *sme-/sma-. In Norway, the name of the language is samisk, and the name of the people is Same; in Finland, the name of the language is spelled saame and the name of the people saamelainen. Smi boots (or nutukas) can have pointed or curled toes and often have band-woven ankle wraps. Some Smi in Russia belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, and similarly, some Skolt Smi resettled in Finland are also part of an Eastern Orthodox congregation, with an additional small population in Norway. Most Smi languages are spoken in several countries, because linguistic borders do not correspond to national borders. From the 19th century Norwegian and Swedish authorities started to regard the Smi as a "backward" and "primitive" people in need of being "civilized", imposing the Scandinavian languages as the only valid languages of the kingdoms and effectively banning Smi language and culture in many contexts, particularly schools. [32] This coincides with the arrival of the Siberian genome to Estonia and Finland, which may correspond with the introduction of the Finno-Ugric languages in the region.[32][33]. These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. [59], Spmi is rich in precious metals, oil, and natural gas. [94] Finland recognized the Smi as a "people" in 1995, but has yet to ratify ILO Convention 169 Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples. [92], The act establishing the Finnish Smi Parliament (Finnish: Saamelaiskrjt) was passed on 9 November 1973. The Saami people are one of the most ancient peoples of Europe and Scandinavia and are NOT as believed in popular myth of Asian origin, but are descendants of a narrow, distinctive subset of Europeans. The winning design was submitted by the artist Astrid Bhl from Skibotn, Norway.[160].

Shavonda Billingslea Husband, Nitrogen Tribromide Intermolecular Forces, Articles S